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Corruption and maladministration are at once a cause and consequence of bad governance. Corruption results from the absence of the essential principles of good governance, i.e., transparency, accountability, integrity, equity, responsiveness and effectiveness on the part of those who wield authority in public affairs. According to Johnston entrenched or systemic corruption affects institutions, and influences individual behavior at all levels of a political-socio-economic system. Institutions matter for both long and short term, because they form the incentive structure of a society and provide the underlying determinants of economic performance (North). Though formal rules are in place, they are superseded by
informal actions. This becomes extremely difficult to tackle and needs a comprehensive approach to anticorruption
involving all limbs of governance.